A member of Congress was recently elected by a very wide margin. The representative does not anticipate any strong opposition in either the primary election or the general election. A piece of legislation that does not directly affect the
representative's district has been introduced. The media are not reporting on this piece of legislation.
(A) Describe the role conception in which the representative is most likely to engage.
(B) In the context of the scenario, explain how the representative's vote is affected by party leadership in Congress.
(C) In the context of the scenario, explain how interest groups might affect the representative's vote on the legislation and the
position of the majority party.

in the united states, the president is controlled by the

constitution, and in all respects subordinate to it. insofar

as it deals with presidential power, however, the american

constitution has proved to be a highly malleable document.

with very few exceptions,' the constitutional provisions relating to the president have not been changed at all since

they were ratified in 1787. but in the late twentieth century, those provisions do not mean what they meant in

1787. the constitution is a legal document, and it is enforced judicially; but its meaning was hardly fixed when it

was ratified. in particular, the contemporary president has

far broader powers than the original constitution contemplated. it is remarkable but true that large-scale changes in

the authority of the president have been brought about

without changes in the constitutional text, but nevertheless

without significant illegality.

this is a paradox. is it not clear that constitutional

changes, if not textual, are illegal? the paradox has considerable relevance to our current thinking about the presidency in particular and about constitutionalism in general.

perhaps the framers of the american constitution feared

legislative power most of all; 2 but from well-known events

in the twentieth century, it is possible to conclude that it is

presidential power that holds out the greatest risks to both

liberty and democracy. the president is by far the most visible leader in the nation; he is often the only person in government with a national constituency. moreover, he is

he killed a bunch of jews so no one was spending money and the stock market rose again

the russian empire[a] was an empire that extended across eurasia and north america from 1721, following the end of the great northern war, until the republic was proclaimed by the provisional government that took power after the february revolution of 1917.[4]

the third largest empire in world history, at its greatest extent stretching over three continents, europe, asia, and north america, the russian empire was surpassed in size only by the british and mongol empires. the rise of the russian empire coincided with the decline of neighboring rival powers: the swedish empire, the polish–lithuanian commonwealth, persia and the ottoman empire. it played a major role in 1812–1814 in defeating napoleon's ambitions to control europe and expanded to the west and south.

the house of romanov ruled the russian empire from 1721 until 1762, and its matrilineal branch of patrilineal german descent the house of holstein-gottorp-romanov ruled from 1762. at the beginning of the 19th century, the russian empire extended from the arctic ocean in the north to the black sea in the south, from the baltic sea on the west to the pacific ocean, into alaska and northern california in america on the east.[5] with 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third-largest population in the world at the time, after qing china and india. like all empires, it featured great diversity in terms of economies, ethnicity, and religion. there were many dissident elements, who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts; they were closely watched by the secret police, with thousands exiled to siberia.

economically, the empire had a predominantly agricultural base, with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs (russian peasants) until they were freed in 1861. the economy slowly industrialized with the of foreign investments in railways and factories. the land was ruled by a nobility, the boyars, from the 10th through the 17th centuries, and subsequently by an emperor. tsar ivan iii (1462–1505) laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged. he tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the golden horde, renovated the moscow kremlin, and laid the foundations of the russian state. emperor peter the great (1682–1725) fought numerous wars and expanded an already huge empire into a major european power. he moved the capital from moscow to the new model city of st. petersburg, and led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political mores with a modern, scientific, europe-oriented, and rationalist system.

empress catherine the great (reigned 1762–1796) presided over a golden age; she expanded the state by conquest, colonization and diplomacy, continuing peter the great's policy of modernization along western european lines. emperor alexander ii (1855–1881) promoted numerous reforms, most dramatically the emancipation of all 23 million serfs in 1861. his policy in eastern europe involved protecting the orthodox christians under the rule of the ottoman empire. that connection by 1914 led to russia's entry into the first world war on the side of france, the united kingdom, and serbia, against the german, austrian, and ottoman empires.

the russian empire functioned as an absolute monarchy on principles of orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationality until the revolution of 1905 and then became a de jure constitutional monarchy. the empire collapsed during the february revolution of 1917, largely as a result of massive failures in its participation in the first world war.