What public pledge did nine pharmaceutical companies issue last week?

- "a new era of american politics began with jackson's election in 1828, but it also completed a grand social experiment begun by the american revolution. nevertheless, jacksonian democracy represented a provocative blending of the best and worst qualities of american society."

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utilized the penal colony

to replace ineffective because   andrew jackson's spoil system was a deliberate policy after he became president to remove federal employees he considered to be political opponents and replace them with his own supporters.