According to James Madison, the principal problem with "factions" is that 1. They seek to advance their own interests rather than the common good of the nation
2. They are a small group of people who manage to overrule the will of the majority
3. They make politics too divisive and contentious
4. They appeal to emotion over reason

b, the anti immigrant fervor

false

explanation:

during the 20th century, the role of the vice president has evolved into more of an executive branch position. now, the vice president is usually seen as an integral part of a president's administration and presides over the senate only on ceremonial occasions or when a tie-breaking vote may be needed.

i see, would you mind putting it as one?