John Adams, second U. S. President and no fan of Paine's, nonetheless acknowledged his crucial influence: "Without the pen of Paine the sword of Washington would have been wielded in vain." Use information from Paine's essay, as well as facts from his biography to support Adam's assessment.

world war i began in 1914, after the assassination of archduke franz ferdinand, and lasted until 1918. during the conflict, germany, austria-hungary, bulgaria and the ottoman empire (the central powers) fought against great britain, france, russia, italy, romania, japan and the united states (the allied powers). to new military technologies and the horrors of trench warfare, world war i saw unprecedented levels of carnage and destruction. by the time the war was over and the allied powers claimed victory, more than 16 million people—soldiers and civilians alike—were dead.

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