With the exception of white Southern Republicans, how did white Southern society react to Reconstruction? They were opposed to it, often violently.
The embraced it cautiously.
They worked with African Americans to reverse it.
They appreciated the federal oversight.

seeing as no choices were provided, i'll do my best to answer it from knowledge.

job specialization promotes work ethic to the person doing the job. he/she may be strong in the arms and able to lift things, specializing him/her in a job where you lift and carry.

b toward the volcano.landward. the landward side of something is the side nearest to the land or facing the land, rather than the sea.

increase in population