By the 1820s, abolition—the movement to free African Americans from slavery—had taken hold. More than 100 antislavery societies had been advocating that African Americans be resettled in Africa. In 1817 the American Colonization Society had been founded to encourage black emigration. Other abolitionists, however, demanded that African Americans remain in the United States as free citizens. The most radical white abolitionist was a young editor named William Lloyd Garrison. Active in religious reform movements in Massachusetts, Garrison became the editor of an antislavery paper in 1828. Three years later he established his own paper, The Liberator, to deliver an uncompromising demand: immediate emancipation.

Before Garrison’s call for the immediate emancipation of slaves, support for that position had been limited. In the 1830s, however, it gained support. Whites who opposed abolition hated Garrison. In 1835 a Boston mob paraded him through town at the end of a rope. Nevertheless, Garrison enjoyed widespread black support; three out of four early subscribers to The Liberator were African Americans.

One of those eager readers was Frederick Douglass, who escaped from bondage to become an eloquent and outspoken critic of slavery. Garrison heard him speak and was so impressed that he sponsored Douglass to speak for various anti-slavery organizations. Hoping that abolition could be achieved without violence, Douglass broke with Garrison, who believed that abolition justified whatever means necessary to achieve it. In 1847 Douglass began his own antislavery newspaper. He named it The North Star, after the star that guided runaway slaves to freedom.

Select the answer choice from the drop-down list to complete the sentence correctly.

who published The Liberator, was the most radical white abolitionist.
a
Dorothea Dix
b
Fredrick Douglass
c
William Lloyd Garrison
d
Ralph Waldo Emerson