4. What led to the Shang Dynasty's downfall?

The Zhou.

Explanation:

The Zhou invaded the capital of the Shang Dynasty, because they believed the King was evil and did not believe heaven wanted him to rule anymore.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts