Which was the characteristic of Western European nations that most enabled them to establish colonies in Asia and Africa

i think the answer is b.

b is the answer i am assuming

copernicus finished the first manuscript of his book, "de revolutionibus orbium coelestium" ("on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres") in 1532. in it, copernicus established that the planets orbited the sun rather than the earth. he laid out his model of the solar system and the path of the planets.