During the eighth century, the Muslims' threat to Constantinople a. led to the temporary collapse of the Byzantine Empire. b. served as the grounds for the first of the Crusades. c. was countered by the Byzantine usage of a new weapon, "Greek fire." d. resulted in the Latin domination of the city.

c. was countered by the Byzantine usage of a new weapon, "Greek fire."

Explanation:

"Greek Fire" consisted in burning an enemy ship by throwing fire from a flame-throwing weapon from another ship.

This Greek Fire was first used by the Byzantines in 673. It is called Greek Fire because the Byzantine Empire was largely Greek-speaking.

The Greek Fire was used effectively in two naval battles against muslims invations in the 8th century. This victories helped Constantinople survive and remain in Byzantine (Christian) control.

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