Pioneers who crossed the Sierra Navada mountains in the mid-1800s were threatened by

the answer is the letter b governor of new mexico territory

in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".

the correct answer is a