12.3.1: How does the government provide for the national defense, environmental concerns, property rights,
competition within the markets, and protection of consumer rights.

The government provide for the national defense, environmental concerns, property rights,  competition within the markets, and protection of consumer rights all are discussed below in details.

Explanation:

The government attempts to fight market inequities through law, taxation, and subsidies. Governments may also negotiate in markets to support general economic fairness. Examples of this incorporate splitting up monopolies and managing negative externalities like corruption. The federal government monitors and controls the economy through various laws affecting economic activity.