How did the north achieve victory in the civil war

There are many reasons for victory for the union.

To name a couple:

People: The Union outnumbered the Confederate 2:1

Transportation: The Union worked with 22,000 miles of railroads while The Confederates worked with only 9000 miles of railroads.

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.