Read the following statements, and then answer the questions.

a. Chinese goods such as porcelain, jade, and silk were much more valuable than the goods brought over for trade by the English.
b. The English, Portuguese, Dutch, and Spanish all tried to tap into the riches of China between the 1500s to the 1700s.
c. The Chinese were reluctant to do trade with the Portuguese because the Portuguese were little more than pirates.
d. The Dutch seized the island of Taiwan in 1684 to use as a base for trade with China.

Which of the statements above reflects a Chinese bias against trade in their country?