Germany was unified under the king of nation 1, which before 1871 was the kingdom ofa. hanoverb. prussiac. saxonyd. bavaria

abraham lincoln was the president of usa and he had asked the audience to make a pledge on equality.

his pledge was:

“it is my earnest desire to know the will of the providence.”

lincoln also had hatred for people who condoned and practiced slavery and so he pledged:

""and if i can learnt what it is i can do it"" this is another pledge by abraham to reassure the congregation on how to deal with the providence will.

explanation:

hope this !

the first forms of writing came from them in the form of pictographs around 3100 bc.