Which idea best expresses the philosophy of progressive reformers

malleability of human nature

Explanation: for medieval man human nature was described and explained the Bible. But medieval paradigm was progressively replaced ...in all areas of human life. This process started in Renaissance and Reformation and continued during Scientific and Industrial Revolution. The result was an idea that the humans are historically, socially, culturally conditioned creatures. This idea is at the base of fascism, communism, nazism as well. Utopianism is a part of European philosophical tradition idea that everything can  be made better, idea that the new is better than  the old. Social engineers, progressive reformers that human nature can be changed for better.  

i dont know sorry, but ik that you need to pay attention in class

both are true, the congress does have the power to create banks, even if this power is not specifically described in the constitution, since there is nothing restricting it and there is power given to the congress to make "all laws which shall be necessary and proper". maryland was not allowed to tax a branch of the national bank operating there, and the supreme court decided that no state could. both of these topics were discussed in a decision of the mcculloch v. maryland case in 1819.