LIU
6. Political parties can affect our political system as
well as individuals and elected officials. Research
the roles political parties play and describe
the changing influence of parties on elections and
elected officials. Include in your analysis the roles
of formal and informal party memberships, the
development of party machines and regional party
strongholds, the rise of independent voters, and
disillusionment with the party system.

In 911, a group of vikings lead by rollo besieged paris and chartres. after a victory near chartres on 26 august, charles decided to negotiate with rollo. the talks were led by hervé, the archbishop of reims. this resulted in the treaty of saint-clair-sur-epte, which granted rollo and his soldiers all the land between the river epte and the sea. it also granted him brittany, "for his livelihood". at the time, brittany was an independent land which france had not been able to conquer. in exchange, rollo promised the king his loyalty and military assistance when needed. also rollo also agreed to be baptised and to marry gisela, the king's daughter. the territory given rollo is about the same as upper normandy. this would grow to become normandy under rollo's descendants. - wikepedia