How have Native Americans showed perseverance.

The American Indian people are the survivors of centuries of oppression, first by Spain and the Catholic Church, Mexico and most recently by the U.S. Government.

The American-Mexico war was from 1846 to 1848. Gold was discovered in 1848 and much of it was on lands occupied by the native people. California became the 31st State of the Union on September 9, 1850.

The State legislator authorized a $5 bounty on the scalp or head of Indians. By today's standards $5 does not seem like worth the time but in the 1850’s the average wages for a days work was 25 cents. At a current rate of $10 per hour, the 1850’s quarter would be equal to $80 and the $5 becomes $1,600.

The U.S. Government reimbursed California for its expenditures thus sanctioning the murders, slavery, genocide, and the sexual abuse of our men, women and children.

No one really knows how many tribes were completely terminated.