How were caliphates during the islamic golden age similar to western european kingdoms following the fall of rome? a. both societies were unified by shared religious traditions. b. both societies banned scientific studies in favor of religious learning. c. both societies clearly separated the roles of religion and government. d. both societies were divided over the idea of iconoclasm.

a. both societies were unified by shared religious traditions.

Explanation:

During the Islamic Golden Age, the Muslim world was organized in caliphates. These were similar to Western European kingdoms in that they were unified by their shared religious traditions. Under this type of regime, the arts and culture of the Muslim World reached their height. Sciences such as astronomy, algebra, calculus, chemistry, botany and medicine flourished during this time period. Moreover, literary production increased, libraries were created and the knowledge of the Greek and Roman world was preserved.

b) he seized power from the directory and appointed himself emperor

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