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history topics are karl marx communism (q1) and rudyard kipling white mans burden (q2):

q1: what event caused karl marx to write his communist manifesto

choice a: unification of germany
choice b: industrial revolution

q2: how would a historian find the white mans burden useful?

choice a: white mans burden explains the effect it had on the 20th century
choice b: white mans burden explains the concerns some europeans had on imperialism

Q1  B: industrial revolution

Q 2  white mans burden explains the concerns some Europeans had on imperialism

Explanation:

Karl Marx observed and analyzed 19th-century capitalism, and he developed his theories based on his observations and analyses. He was a witness of the social and economic effects of the first industrial revolution in Europe.

Regarding Kipling´s famous phrase, it refers to the polemic view that Europe had a responsibility to bring progress and civilization to "backward" peoples. It´s considered a racist argument.

map scale refers to the relationship (or ratio) between distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground. for example, on a 1: 100000 scale map, 1cm on the map equals 1km on the ground.