"europe’s requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products—principally from america—are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional or face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave it is logical that the united states should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist."
speech by secretary of state george marshall initiating the aid program known as the marshall plan, 1947

the policies advocated by marshall had most in common with which of the following developments in other periods in united states history?

1. the expansion of a market economy in the early 1800s, which shaped a distinctive middle class
2. the attempts by the federal government to foster economic opportunities for former slaves after the civil war
3. the emergence of political machines in the late 1800s, which provided economic and social services to urban residents
4. the forcing of american indians onto reservations by the united states government following the extension of white settlement