What european city was the center of culture immediately prior to the victorian period?

The European city that was the center of culture immediately prior to Victorian period was Paris

Explanation:

Center of culture is a building that promotes culture and arts of a region.

It can either be government-sponsored or a private sponsored event.

The cities that were the center of culture were New York, Los Angeles, Paris, Tokyo and London.

a.   it resulted in widespread unemployment.

where is the