To what does the old kingdom refer?

The old kingdom is a period in Egyptian history that lasted form about 2700 BC to 2200 BC.

Explanation:

necessary and proper clause. the congress shall have power to all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the united states, or in any department or officer thereof.

very positive impact on our industries in the west, sine they promoted settlement and increased the ways in which goods could be transported to market.