During his pontificate (1294 - 1303), repeated claims to papal authority were challenged by king philip iv of france. when this person died in 1309 (at the hands of philip's thugs), the french king moved the papal court from rome to the french city of avignon, where it remained until 1378.

Pope Boniface VIII

Explanation: Boniface VIII was murdered at the hand of Phillip's thugs due to the fact that he believed that The Pope had ultimate authority over material and spiritual matters as a representative of God. He died in 1303. After his death, the king of France persuaded the conclave to elect Clement V as the new pope, and later on, convinced the pope to move the papacy from Rome to Avignon in 1309, in order to more effectively control and influence the papal office.

the first historical instance of china engaging in internationalism was during the han dynasty.[1] at the start of the han dynasty, the huns in the north were attacking the frontiers of han and trying to obtain riches. emperor wu of han wanted to gain an alliance with a country called dayuezhi so the two countries could join together and fight against the huns.[2] to obtain this alliance, emperor wu sent zhang qian to the west to establish economic and cultural connections.[2] history records that during the han dynasty there were four primary avenues of contact between china and europe. they included the northern land route, the central land route, the southern sea route, and the far southern sea route.[1] the most famous of these routes is the central land route, or the classical silk road, comprising a network of roads stretching from northwest china to the ports of syria and the black sea, which passed through the oasis of the turkestans and northern persia.[1] the silk road was significant for chinese emperors because it provided dominance over central asia by developing resources and provided new markets for the export of china's most valuable resources.[1]

the tariff was created to protect industry in the northern part of the united states. industries in the north were being driven out of business by imported goods that were priced at a low rate. the goal was to protect these industries   by taxing the goods.