Why might the italian city-states have resisted the exploration around the world?
- the discovery of new trade routes to the east threatened the city-state's control over that trade.
- the technological innovations that allowed new discoveries were adding to the wealth of italy's enemies.
- the search for new protestant converts threatened the power of the papal states and rome itself.
- the italian city-states were fearful that new trade routes would raise the influence of islamic empires.

the answer is a) james madison.

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answer; ///i believe that the correct answer is ; hieroglyphs or glyphs; the maya script, also known as maya glyphs, was the writing system of the maya civilization of mesoamerica; as always plz check first..good luck