When kentucky and virginia passed legislation that declared the alien & sedition acts unlawful, they began the idea of which is when states can pass their own laws and not have to enforce federal laws

After Jefferson and Madison stated the laws as invalid, they brought in the idea known as nullification which is the act of states passing their own laws and not having to enforce federal laws.

the answer is option a.

food chain i would say only because there is competition on getting food and survival