How did the principles of the french revolution spread throughout europe and contribute to the rise of nationalism

The revolutionary movement in Europe in the 19th century was a practical realization of the ideology of nationalism. The close connection of nationalism and revolution began to be clearly traced during the French Revolution.  

Nationalism as an independent force of world politics originates from the time of the French Revolution of 1789, which proclaimed that sovereignty in the country belongs to the nation - the community of citizens. In the minds of revolutionary French, the desire for unity on the basis of ethnic and linguistic affiliation, the idea of a republic and national independence were identified with the entrenched notions of France’s historical destiny.

If the ideas of M. Robespierre initially largely kept pace with the slogans of international equality and fraternity, then the threat of exporting revolution and violent national assimilation subsequently pushed the development of national self-awareness of other peoples. The French revolution was the beginning of the first stage of the interaction of the phenomena of nationalism and revolution, the most important milestones of which were the emergence of other "nationalisms." First of all, French nationalism influenced their appearance in Europe. It should also be noted that throughout the first half of the 19th century, nationalism continued to go hand in hand with the revolution. Being generated by the revolution, it continued its victorious spread due to revolutionary methods of struggle.

Explanation:

the right choice would be a. culture within the city-state. c. loyalty to the police. d separation by land and sea.

d.summerains, the last one