How did the qin dynasty lose the mandate of heaven ?
a. thought invasions by nomadic herdsmen the emperors army couldn't defend against.
b. through natural disasters the government was unable to cope with.
c. through famine caused by many years of drought.
d. through uprisings caused by the harsh policies of legalism.

The Qin dynasty loses the mandate of heaven through Thought invasions by nomadic herdsmen the emperor’s army couldn't defend against.

Explanation:

In spite of its brevity, the Qin dynasty left significant checks on Chinese culture. Therefore, the name "China" is gotten from the name Qin ("Ch'in" in previous Romanization frameworks). Following the Zhou Dynasty, China wound up associated with an eternal clash between the different locales for incomparable control of the nation. A progression of triumphs by the territory of Qin towards the finish of the States of Warring time frame brought about their total success of China in 221 BCE when the Qin realm bound together China without precedent for its history.

from thales, who is often considered the first western philosopher, to the stoics and skeptics, ancient greek philosophy opened the doors to a particular way of thinking that provided the roots for the western intellectual tradition. here, there is often an explicit preference for the life of reason and rational thought. we find proto-scientific explanations of the natural world in the milesian thinkers, and we hear democritus posit atoms—indivisible and invisible units—as the basic stuff of all matter. with socrates comes a sustained inquiry into ethical matters—an orientation towards human living and the best life for human beings. with plato comes one of the most creative and flexible ways of doing philosophy, which some have since attempted to imitate by writing philosophical dialogues covering topics still of interest today in ethics, political thought, metaphysics, and epistemology. plato’s student, aristotle, was one of the most prolific of ancient authors. he wrote treatises on each of these topics, as well as on the investigation of the natural world, including the composition of animals. the hellenists—epicurus, the cynics, the stoics, and the skeptics—developed schools or movements devoted to distinct philosophical lifestyles, each with reason at its foundation.

with this preference for reason came a critique of traditional ways of living, believing, and thinking, which sometimes caused political trouble for the philosophers themselves. xenophanes directly challenged the traditional anthropomorphic depiction of the gods, and socrates was put to death for allegedly inventing new gods and not believing in the gods mandated by the city of athens. after the fall of alexander the great, and because of aristotle’s ties with alexander and his court, aristotle escaped the same fate as socrates by fleeing athens. epicurus, like xenophanes, claimed that the mass of people is impious, since the people conceive of the gods as little more than superhumans, even though human characteristics cannot appropriately be ascribed to the gods. in short, not only did ancient greek philosophy pave the way for the western intellectual tradition, including modern science, but it also shook cultural foundations in its own time.

c. free trade can lead to low pay for workers in poorer countries.