The combination between religious and political aspects in the abbasid state's concept of rulership is best reflected in which of the following?

a. the abbasid state had an influential sunni religious class that often came into conflict with the state.

b. the abbasid state often allowed local rulers considerable autonomy.

c. the abbasid state patronized the construction of religious buildings such as mosques.

d. the abbasid state was headed by a caliph who was theoretically the state's supreme religious and political leader.

D. The Abbasid state was headed by a caliph who was theoretically the state's supreme religious and political leader.

Explanation:

Caliphs concentrated in their hands religious and political power. The Abbasid caliphs, who reproached their Umayyad predecessors for behaving like secular rulers, tried to outline their own approach to government in Islamic terms and, accordingly, to the extent that they managed, they tried to adhere to a religious orientation in politics.

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number 4. should be the correct answer