According to the geocentric view, everything in the heavens had to go around the earth, which was the center of the universe. what objects did galileo discover with his telescope that clearly didn’t go around the earth?

Galileo was the person who invented the telescope. With this invention, he discovered that the earth is not at the center of the solar system, and four of the moons were observed that orbits around Jupiter. He also observed the different types of phases of the planet Venus and the sunspots. These observations made him support Copernicus's heliocentric theory in which the sun is assumed to be at the center of the solar system and all other planets and stars revolve around it.

small european communities with shared traditions consolidated into large new states (apex)