Spanish and portuguese traders reached west africa and partnered with some african groups to exploit local resources and recruit slave labor for the americas.

Which of these is not a criticism of the concentric zone model? it does not accurately describe cities after the rise of suburban development. it only applies to cities that grew after the development of the automobile. it assumes that inner-city areas will always be repurposed instead of abandoned. it places too much importance on the traditional central business district.

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How did the soviet union respond to the establishment of west germany and west barlin?