The 1800s opened with political controversies about the principles if nationalism versus

Sectionalism

Explanation:

Nationalism refers to an ideology that states that the nation-state is the most important unity in society, and that its priorities need to be taken into account over all other interests. On the other hand, sectionalism focuses on the needs of a small region or section of the territory. At the beginning of the 1800s, the debate between sectionalism and nationalism was an intense one in the United States. While many people felt a connection to the Union, many others felt closer to their region or even their state.

yes

explanation:

why

b) the confederacy had to pay all union war expenses.