Fugitive slaves: a. were more likely to be women than men, because they were trying to escape sexual assault. b. benefited from the refusal of non-slaveowners to participate in patrols that looked for fugitives. c. generally understood that the north star led to freedom. d. succeeded in escaping more frequently from the deep south because they had access to ships leaving ports like new orleans and charleston. e. who escaped to canada were routinely returned to slavery by the british authorities

c. Generally understood that the North Star led to freedom.

Explanation:

Before and throughout the U.S. Civil War (the 1860s), fugitive slaves escaped to the north, finding shelter during the day, and moving during the night. Usually, they didn´t possess any maps or tools to help them. Polaris, known as the North Star, was their single lead, and it was found by following the arm of the Big Dipper constellation (Drinking Gourd).

when studying cause and effect, historians usually group the causes into different categories. for example, cultural causes reflect how a society’s literature and art convey the way the society saw itself in relation to the rest of the world. another resource that historians use to understand society is pop culture, which tells them the trends and ideas that are preferred by the common people. when studying cause and effect, it’s important to remember multiple causation, or the idea that an effect could have several causes and vice versa.  

the correct option is “cultural causes” since art and literature are related to the culture of a place. culture is determined by literature, art, music.

the correct option is “pop culture” since it reflects the likes and ideas of common people whereas the rest of the options do not focus on common people.  

the correct option is “multiple causation” since it refers to the idea that events are caused by multiple reasons, not just a single one.