How was the u. s. constitution ratified?
by each state at special ratifying conventions
at the constitutional convention of 1787
at the confederation convention
by popular referendum in each state

By each state at special ratifying conventions.

Explanation:

The process of constitution ratified started in Philadelphia  1787 and finished in  New Hampshire 1788 .

During 3 months of convention five states ratified the new project of constitution but Massachusett was opposed to the document.

At last in 1788 was a agreed with Massachusetts and others states. The constitution was ratified in Massachusetts.

Article VII stipulated that nine states had to ratify the Constitution for it to go into effect. Beyond the legal requirements for ratification, the state conventions fulfilled other purposes. The Constitution had been produced in strictest secrecy during the Philadelphia convention.

Explanation:

there were three types of british colonies: royal, proprietary, and self-governing. each type had its own characteristics. proprietary colonies, such as pennsylvania, maryland, and delaware, were basically land grants from the british government.

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the caste system in india is the paradigmatic ethnographic example of caste. it has origins in ancient india, and was transformed by various ruling elites in medieval, early-modern, and modern india, especially the mughal empire and the british raj.it is today the basis of educational and job reservations in india.it consists of two different concepts, varna and jati, which may be regarded as different levels of analysis of this system.

the caste system as it exists today is thought to be the result of developments during the collapse of the mughal era and the british colonial regime in india. the collapse of the mughal era saw the rise of powerful men who associated themselves with kings, priests and ascetics, affirming the regal and martial form of the caste ideal, and it also reshaped many apparently casteless social groups into differentiated caste communities.the british raj furthered this development, making rigid caste organisation a central mechanism of administration

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