When top-roping is used, how long should the rope be in order to protect the climber throughout the climb?

In an effort to end the civil war, in 1864 the union planned to

In shifting to a defense policy based upon the concept of "flexible response," president kennedy was indicating that he had grave doubts about thevalue of which previous defense policy? a massive retaliationb collective securityc containmentd air power

According to the map, most mining occurs in the a.northern b.southern c.eastern d.western