Which of the following often causes market failure -- that is, causes markets to fail to establish fair prices and use resources efficiently or properly? a. competition b. surpluses c. monopolies d. shortages reset

I would say monopolies.

Explanation:

I'm stuck on the same question but I'm going to go with monopolies because of my background knowledge and from what we learned in US history this year. When there is a monopoly, the owner can put the price as high as they want because they're the only one selling that service/product. Hope this helped and please correct me if I'm wrong but my best educated guess is C. monopolies

the respondent is the party against whom a petition is filed

i think it would be reparing roads