In 1948, president truman question 8 options: fought for equal pay among minority soldiers. banned discrimination in the armed services. signed "don't ask, don't tell" into law. promoted blacks joining the military.

Explanation:

African-Americans experienced some amount of improvement in civil rights thanks to President Truman.  He desegregated the military and the federal government with Executive Orders 9980 and 9981.

Executive Order 9980 began by saying, "The principles on which our Government is based require a policy of fair employment throughout the Federal establishment, without discrimination because of race, color, religion, or national origin."

Executive Order 9981 stated:  "There shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed forces without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin." 

the transatlantic slave trade radically impaired africa's potential to develop economically and maintain its social and political stability. the arrival of europeans on the west african coast and their establishment of slave ports in various parts of the continent triggered a continuous process of exploitation of africa's human resources, labor, and commodities. this exploitative commerce influenced the african political and religious aristocracies, the warrior classes and the biracial elite, who made small gains from the slave trade, to participate in the oppression of their own people. the europeans, on the other hand, greatly benefited from the atlantic trade, since it allowed them to amass the raw materials that fed the industrial revolution to the detriment of african societies whose capacity to transform their modes of production into a viable entrepreneurial economy was severely halted.

the award is named for an american naval historian and theorist, rear admiral alfred thayer mahan, united states navy who, through his writing, provided stimulus and guidance to those who share in the defense of the nation.