What impact did the industrial revolution have on western economics, politics and society?

The Industrial Revolution, which initially took place in Britain but then spread out to all the western world, began around 1760 and did not complete until around roughly the 1830´s or 1840´s. This Revolution was so important and so huge, that many scholars and experts consider it the second most important development in human history, aside from the domestication of animals. With the emergence of a surplus of foodstuffs being produced, the growth of the textile industry due to high sales of cotton, and other factors, people began to move on from a manufacturing system to an industrialized one. Many industries were born at this time, not just in England, but also other parts of Europe and the U.S. As for the impacts it had, there were many. Socially, the Industrial Revolution generated the growth of new social classes, whose emergence came from the involvement with factories and industries. There was also the emergence of urbanization, the centering of the flow of people from the rural areas to the cities. This caused two things; for those who were wealthy, or who were made wealthy by their trade, or profession, or by being owners of businesses, they saw a great development and enjoyed advantages from developing cities. But for the large majority of the lower and some of the middle classes, especially in Britain, they faced severe hardship. Children began to work as well, and women became part of the labor force. In the families, this affected the unit as well, as most of the time both parents were needed to work and work extra hours to keep their families. There was the emergence of the middle classes as well and a turn from social status coming from birth and land-owning to crafts and professions. Economically, it also had an impact, as modern capitalism took control of all the systems of the western world. Trade, but mostly, industrialization, marked the development of nations. Politically, there was a lot of unrest and changes, as the middle classes emerged and people requested and received better training and better education. They began to demand improvements in their living conditions and this led to both several protests and marches, as well a conflicts and finally, political change.

In all, the Industrial Revolution had many effects and the truth is that the world we have today is thanks to this enormous economic, political and social movement.

b) a state law could be declared illegal if it contradicted the constitution.

explanation:

the conflict of this case originated when james w. mcculloch, a cashier of the baltimore branch of the second bank of the united states that the congress had chartered in 1816, refused to pay a tax imposed by the maryland state.

in the case, the state of maryland appealed that the establishment of a second bank was unconstitutional since the constitution didn't say anything about granting that power to congress. however, the case determined that even if such right wasn't specifically stated in the constitution, it was part of the "implied powers" of the government enunciated in article i, section 8.

the case also eliminated maryland's legislation to impose taxes to a national bank, asserting that even though the states retained the power of taxation, the constitution's laws are supreme and can not be controlled by the states, therefore, if a state law contradicts the constitution, it should be declared illegal.

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