What led to the abdication of tsar nicholas ii and the establishment of a provisional government in 1917?

the murder of the self-proclaimed holy man rasputin

the publication of lenin's book on communism

unrest in the russian military and civilian population

defeat in the russo-japanese war

The answer is: Unrest in the Russian military and civilian population

At that time, Tsar Nicholas II was known as   Nicholas the Bloody or Vile Nicholas. He's not afraid to execute all citizens or other government officials who dare to undermine his rule.

His actions created Unrest in the Russian military and civilian population and people's approval toward him kept plummeting as the years go by, until eventually he was abdicated during the revolution in 1917.

an era of negotiation.

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