What are the four phases in the process of modernization? why is leisure time important in modernization. how has modernization impacted citizens access to those in government who make decisions?

The four phases of modernization proposed by economist Walt Rostow in 1960 are:

"Pre-condition": or need for an improvement in the way a particular activity is being done in society.The "pre-condition takes off": Efforts targeted to assess this need start, including the production of raw materials and knowledge developments."Take-off": Knowledge previously created during the latter phase is diffused and adopted by the masses."Maturity": The development has reached a peak where it is common knowledge and the impact over society has already occurred.

from the conditions of the working class in england by friedrich engels,the main idea is :

manchester's leaders hoped to oppress its working class to benefit factory owners.