The need for new trade routes to the east, the desire to spread christianity prompted the start of european exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries.

The  pan-african movement  was an "emotional, cultural, psychological and ideological  movement  that began among the  african  dispora in the western hemisphere, for a closer  purpose, so that  african  people could feel secure, attain political, economic as well as psychological power visa vis other races or world regions" .

The answer is d. depriving colonists of trial by jury.