Gave black southerners more political and economic freedom

Right after the Civil War, white supremacists in the South were determined to stop any social or political progress by the African-American . At the 1866 Constitutional Convention, Texans passed out restrictive laws, known as Black Codes, to African Americans that limited their autonomy. The Codes basically returned the African American to their former position of slaves. African Americans without jobs often were given to white guardians for work without pay. The penalty for quitting often included imprisonment for breach of contract. Other laws prevented freedmen from having free access to public facilities. They were not allowed to testify against whites, serve on juries or in state militias, or to vote. They were, however, free to develop schools and churches, which became vehicles for improvement within their communities. By the late 1860s, African Americans had aligned themselves with the Republicans and began to carve a pathway to true freedom as American citizens.

Their fight was not an easy one, it was not until 1890 that twenty states passed laws that enacted segregation laws and African American people could feel free at long last.

separate but equal was a legal doctrine in united states constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the fourteenth amendment to the united states constitution, which guaranteed "equal protection" under the law to all people. under the doctrine, as long as the facilities provided to each race were equal, state and local governments could require that services, facilities, public accommodations, housing, medical care, education, employment, and transportation be segregated by race, which was already the case throughout the states of the former confederacy. the phrase was derived from a louisiana law of 1890, although the law actually used the phrase "equal but separate

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fmr1 gene that can lead to fragile x-associated disorders.

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