"(they) must make annual contracts for their labor in writing; if they should run away from their tasks, they forfeited their wages for the year. whenever it was required of them they must present licenses (in a town from the mayor; elsewhere from a member of the board of police of the beat) citing their places of residence and authorizing them to work." this passage from 1865 is part of a series of rules immediately after the civil war that were known as a) black codes. b) jim crow laws. c) the south carolina constitution. d) the charter of the ku klux klan.