An effect of frequent fighting in the middle east was many kidnappings. many deaths. many countries becoming communist. many stoppages in oil production.

An effect of frequent fighting in the Middle East was that many people lost their lives. Since the unification of Saudi Arabia, that went from 1902 to 1932, conflicts in the Middle East increased their frecuency. In a brief review, we find the Arab-Israeli Conflict, the Iran-Iraq War, the Gulf War, the American incursions in Afghanistan and Iraq of the 20th century, the Syrian Civil War, the Arab Spring, and many other conflicts.

The cost in lives that these conflicts have represented is very high. There are no exact figures for the number of deaths that the convulsed political situation in the Middle East has left, but it is estimated that between 8,000,000 and 16,000,000 people lost their lives from 1902 to the present due to conflicts in the Middle East.

the right answer is the third one: turnpikes went short distances to connect markets. turnpikes, also known as toll roads, were very important for trade and transportation (of people, goods and products) in the 19th century, coinciding with the expansion towards the west. they contributed significantly to the economic development of the united states.