1. compare and contrast how mongol invasions affected the development of two of the following civilizations (ottoman empire; safavid empire; russia; china).

The case for Russia, the Golden Horde´s occupation made possible the unification. Before this, russians were organized in self-governing cities, among which the most notable was Kiev. This contributed to the a common goal for russian-speaking people: to overthorw and expel the Mongols, led by the Duchy of Moscow in 1480. Since then, russians have defeated other intents of dominance such as the ones by Napoleon Bonaparte,  and the Nazis during World War II.

The Mongols during their continuous rides, absorbed scientific knowledge from Persia, India, China and Arabia. Medicine flourished under the Mongol rule, which understood the need to keep a healthy army. They created hospitals and training centers. This led China to employ doctors from India and the Middle East.

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