Why did portugal begin to explore the coasts of south america and africa in the 1400s?
a. to establish trading posts
b. to take over the continents
c. to establish plantations
d. to spread christianity user: the lack of formal states in africa made gaining cooperation with local officials more difficult. for this reason, belgium and france established
a. commonwealths
b. systems of direct rule
c. dependencies
d. systems of indirect rule

could you use this to with a topic?

the key difference between a democracy and a republic lies in the limits placed on government by the law, which has implications for minority rights. both forms of government tend to use a representational system — i.e., citizens vote to elect politicians to represent their interests and form the government.

the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.