The effective plan to disenfranchise southern blacks in the 1890s took its name from which state in which it first appeared?

The Mississippi Plan

Mississippi was the first state to enact laws preventing blacks from voting. Through literacy tests and poll taxes, blacks were prevented from voting because of cost and the inability to read. This system eventually evolved to include gerrymandering the districts to exclude blacks and primaries for whites only.

The policy of Mississippi spread to other southern states within twenty years. Each state used their own methods but the goal was all the same: prevent blacks from voting and/or holding government office. These laws continued in the US until the 1960's when the national government outlawed the practices.

Even though The Mississippi Plan was elaborated in 1875, it wasn't until 1890 when the state of Mississippi adopted a new constitution with which the black people were effectively disenfranchised.

In order to vote, the voters were required to pay a poll tax and pass a subjective literacy test which was applied by white administrators. These barriers weren't the only measures taken, since black people who tried to vote were victims of violence and fraud. This situation continued to happen until the black population stopped trying to exercise their rights.

Other southern states called it "The Mississippi Plan" and they quickly adopted it.

i believe your answer is d)

paul willis (born 1950) is a british social scientist known for his work in sociology and cultural studies. paul willis' work is widely read in the fields of sociology, anthropology, and education, his work emphasizing consumer culture, socialization, music, and popular culture. he was born in wolverhampton[1] and received his education at the university of cambridge and at the university of birmingham. he worked at centre for contemporary cultural studies and subsequently at the university of wolverhampton. he was a professor of social/cultural ethnography at keele university. in the autumn of 2010, he left keele university and is now a professor at princeton university.

paul willis’s work has focused mainly, but not exclusively, on the ethnographic study of lived cultural forms in a wide variety of contexts. from highly structured to weakly structured ones, willis examines how practices of `informal cultural production` to produce and construct cultural worlds `from below`.[2]

trained in literary criticism at cambridge,[2] paul willis received his phd in 1972 from the centre for contemporary cultural studies at birmingham university where he remained as senior research fellow until 1981. he gave a paper at the 9th symposium of the natiohnal deviancy conference in january 1972 entitled 'a motor-bike subculture

during the 1980`s willis served as youth policy adviser to wolverhampton borough council in the english midlands. there he produced the youth review (published by the council and ashgate) which formed the basis for youth policy and for the formation of the democratically elected youth council, both still functioning. during the 1990s he served first as head of the division of media, communications and cultural studies, and then as a member of the professoriate at the university of wolverhampton. in 2000 willis co-founded the sage journal, ethnography. in 2003 willis was hired as a head professor of social and cultural ethnography at keele university.