What belief did the chinese government promote in the late nineteenth century

In the late 19th century, China became aware of the Western nations’ superiority, so the government decided to plan some measures based on an approach known as “self-strengthening”; its purpose was to increase China’s power with technology from the West. They believed that the nation could be strengthen by preserving traditional values while incorporating Western military and industrial practices.  As a result, Western products (such as arms) were brought as well as western languages were studied. However, when Japan defeated China in 1895, a great feeling of nationalism was born in China. Besides, self-strengthener measures started to be questioned and neglected. Between 1899 and 1901, anti-foreign sentiments against Western nations increased in China. It was after the Boxer Rebellion that new economic, military and education reforms were put into effect. Despite of this, the Qing dynasty came to an end in 1911.

answer; ///i believe the correct answer is john marshall;

2 is armenia i think