Which type of tax is characterized as having a "fixed" rate? a) regressive tax b) progressive tax c) inheritance tax d) proportional tax

The correct answer is D) Proportional tax.  

The type of tax that is characterized as having a fixed rate is Proportional tax.  

Among the income taxes, the proportional tax, the same proportion of the tax is levied in all the registered people that pay taxes. It does not matter the income they get, low, medium or high class. The opposite of this tax is the progressive tax, where the tax is adjusted by income.

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the doctrine of nullification recommended that states living inside the union have the one-sided, inalienable ideal to void any law made by the national government that could be esteemed illegal.

the united states was shaped based on a general agreement among its individual states. hence, it is inferred that under the hypothesis of invalidation, since the states are the establishment of the union, they have the ability to referee and disprove unlawful laws.