Kulturkampf was a a. an anti-democracy program. b. an anti-bismarck program. c. a pro-democracy movement. d. an anti-catholic moment.

d. an anti-Catholic moment.

Explanation:

"Kulturkampf" is translated as "cultural struggle/war." This was the name given to the conflict between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Roman Catholic Church. Therefore, it can be considered an anti-Catholic movement. This conflict took place from 1872 to 1878. The movement had a strong anti-Polish aspect. In a more general way, the term is used to describe a conflict between secular and religious authorities, or between very different cultures or sets of values.

immigrants from northern and western europe continued coming as they had for three centuries, but in decreasing numbers