Which is not required for the development of civilization

In general, "a. cities" are not required for the development of civilization, since many civilizations throughout history have been comprised of smaller villages that would not compare to modern or pre-modern cities.  

montesquieu took the view that the roman republic had powers separated so that no one could usurp complete power. in the british constitutional system, montesquieu discerned a separation of powers among the monarch, parliament, and the courts of law.

the steam engine.

the locomotive.

the telephone.

the telegraph.

the internal combustion engine.

the rifle.

ironclad ships.

electricity/light bulb.